There are books you can buy but I got my start by simply watching CNBC day in and day out for a while. You don't need to be a rocket scientist to invest successfully, just learn the basics like what is EPS, P/E ratio, etc. and most importantly, learn how to read SEC Filings. It's also important to be able to control your emotions, to be able to take advantage of the greed and/or fear of others. It's not easy but is incredibly useful if you can do it. I'm sure people could recommend some good books but I haven't read any so I can't help you there.
I think that starting with anything less than $1,000 is pretty pointless; however, you can start with whatever amount you are comfortable with. Maybe your job offers a 401(k) Plan? Considering you have been there for a year you are either already eligible or soon will be, that's as good a place as any to start.
If you have any specific questions just post em here and you'll get responses, there are some good people who post here and they can help you out.